Mercury: Complications of the disease

Complications can occur a shock (the organs no longer provide their essential function), resulting in:

Anuria (no urine) due to a breach of nephrons (the basic elements of renal filtration). These kidney problems occur 1-15 days after onset of intoxication.

Nervous disorders, resulting in tremors, athetosis (abnormal movements), seizures. These neurological signs may be accompanied by a coma, they are irreversible.

Mercury: Medical tests

Able to eliminate mercury in the urine for twenty-four hours should not exceed 10 micrograms in a normal individual.
Exposed individuals are subject to regular examinations of the urine of twenty-four hours.
It is estimated that if the removal of mercury is greater than 300 micrograms per day, corresponding to 1500 nmol, one is faced with a mercury poisoning.
Symptoms begin to appear from a removal of 600 micrograms of mercury per twenty-four hours.
About 100 micrograms, it is necessary to review the working conditions within and beyond the worker in contact with mercury. This should normally end up presenting his profession disposal of mercury below 100 micrograms per twenty-four hours (in the case of France, in other countries the threshold is set at 50 micrograms).

Mercury: Symptoms

1) The acute (rapid and relatively sudden) is due to the introduction by gastrointestinal or respiratory tract, including mercury, which enters in the form of vapor. It quickly becomes very harmful to the body and leads to:

In the lungs, irritation of the airways
The digestive, stomatitis (burning mouth) after ingestion, metallic taste, hyper salivation (increased secretion of saliva), digestive disorders accompanied by sometimes bloody diarrhea, tenesmus (sensation level of anus, burning and continual desire to defecate or urinate)
The nervous system is also likely to be achieved by acute intoxication.
2) Chronic poisoning is the result of a progressive penetration of mercury in the body, leads to the following conditions:

With regard to the nervous system: headache (headache), dizziness, asthenia (fatigue), sleep disturbances, tremors of the tongue
As for the skin: skin reddening affecting the palms and soles, urticaria, acrodynia (this disease affects children from 6 months to 8 years, and leads to damage of the hands and feet, sometimes the face and nose, which appeared swollen, painful, blue).
As for the digestive system: hypersalivation (excess production or secretion of saliva) or sometimes the opposite (dry mouth)
Regarding Renal: Proteinuria (protein in the urine, also known as nephrotic syndrome) along with microscopic hematuria (presence of red blood cells in urine) only visible under a microscope and do not lead to red coloration of urine .

Mercury: Definition

Mercury is the chemical element with atomic number 80, which means that eighty electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom of mercury. This metal is liquid when it is at room temperature. It is used especially to make the tin amalgam used to fill teeth. Mercuric chloride (or sublimate) is fatal from 1 g. The mercury poisoning is called mercury poisoning or mercury. Mercury is currently involved in various drugs, especially the powerful antiseptics such as Mercurochrome or dibromo-hydroxy-mercury-fluorescein and is also used in ophthalmology. Industrially, mercury is used in the electrical industry and in the manufacture of thermometers, batteries, batteries, paint and varnish.

Once absorbed, mercury salts may accumulate in certain organs: liver, red blood cells, bone marrow, kidneys, spleen, intestines, lungs, skin and central nervous system.
Minamata disease in Japan is representative of the mercury poisoning. In this country, especially in Minamata Bay, pollution caused by industrial waste and methyl derivatives of mercury (chemical form of mercury use), resulted in the contamination of fish. Secondarily, the consumption of these fish was the cause of serious disorders, including during pregnancy, causing malformations in newborns. Unfortunately, this type of food poisoning by mercury is common, and is also found in other country.
It was also reported poisonings of newborns exposed to mercury because of faulty switches located on incubators (devices whose synonym is artificial incubators and are designed to enable premature babies placed in this protected environment to continue their growth ).
Example of mercury poisoning of workers manufacturing felt hats. They were exposed to vapors and mercury salts, resulting in their syndrome erethism including memory loss, a shyness, insomnia, and sometimes delirium (in severe cases). It is this syndrome that is the source of the phrase "work hat". Mercury is the most dangerous organic mercury that is to say that found in seeds, food, paints and fungicides (against fungi), medicines, cosmetics and wood preservatives.
It was also found, sometimes, in some families, poisoning linked to a broken thermometer containing mercury and causing repeated inhalation of mercury vapor can lead to brain damage (neurological complications), liver ( reached the kidney) and renal (kidney toxicity). It made the determination in all parts that showed soil contamination was found when high concentrations within carpets and more. In most cases the mercury once fell to the ground, is in the form of inhaled mercury vapor. It is then necessary to decontaminate the affected parts, change carpeting, vacuum, clean the walls and get rid of stuffed toys and more. For breach of thermometer it is necessary to recover the pieces, put them in a box, give them to a pharmacy or hospital among others. Mercury is a highly toxic metal that can also be found in barometers and batteries which must be disposed of carefully putting them in garbage bins adjusted specific recovery.

Urethra: Treatment

Besides the different drugs to treat an infection or urethral inflammation of the urethra, there are surgical techniques such as urethrotomy consisting incise the wall of the urethra in order to restore the flow of urine . This technique carried inwards is called external urethrotomy. In this case, the opening is made behind the scholarship: it is then called urethral size. When the opening is made from within outwards with a urethrotomy, this is an internal urethrotomy. Urethrotomy is a tool to practice internal urethrotomy. It consists of a generally triangular shaped blade which is mounted on a long rod to be inserted into the urethra to cut only the narrowed area of the channel through a special arrangement.
The urethrotomy should not be confused with the urethrostomy involving the conduct of an opening of the urethra and create an artificial meatus (orifice artificial) when he found a narrowing (called urétrosténie) impassable (Poncet and Delors). The perineal urethrostomy, also called périnéostomie, is practiced in the perineum.
Less commonly, the surgeon has to make a urétrorraphie consisting of suture (points to) on the urethra sectioned in whole or in part.
The surgeon may need to perform a urethroplasty consisting of a surgical procedure designed to fill defects or to close a fistula of the urethra.
It can also perform a urethrectomy by doing a resection (he withdrew) a portion of the urethra. This is called partial when it removes a portion of the urethra and is circumferential said when he left the bridge.

Urethra: Medical Examination

Additional tests include x-ray and specifically the urétrocystographie (radiography of the urethra and bladder after injection into the cavity of a radiopaque substance), the intravenous urethrogram and retrograde urethrography. The urethroscopy to visualize the inside of the urethra using an endoscope equipped with an optical system. Other complementary examinations of the urethra is the biopsy, CT, MRI

Urethra: Medical technology

Pezze probe is a probe developed by the French Michel Pezze born in 1853 died in 1917. This is a rubber tube designed to catheterize (penetrating inside) the urethra. Its end is turgid (swollen) thereby hold it in place inside the bladder. Pezze probe is also used for achieving a continent stoma in a cæcostomie or typhlostomie is to say the creation of an artificial anus in the caecum.

The candle Béniqué developed by the French Béniqué Pierre, born in 1806 and died in 1851, English Béniqué's sound was a metal catheter is characterized by a double curve designed to adapt to the path of the urethra . The candle Béniqué is used to treat narrowing of the urethra. Compared to the Charriere (Charrière was a manufacturer of surgical equipment) there is a difference in diameter between two consecutive numbers corresponding to one sixth of a millimeter. This is half the Charriere. To give an example of correspondence Béniqué number 30 corresponds to a No. 15 Charriere. Routinely and pragmatically we are not talking candle Béniqué but Béniqué all.

Urethra: Medical tests

Laboratory tests, specifically the bacteriological examinations, allow to highlight a possible infection of the fluid from a sample or urethral discharge, that is to say a discharge from the urethra.

Urethra: Physiology

Cowper gland discovered by the London surgeon William Cowper, also known as Mery gland is bulbo urethral gland is a small gland pair (there is one on each side) which is located, in humans, near the membranous portion of the urethra. Cowper gland pours its secretion within the channel in the spongy part. The secretions of this gland are involved in sperm formation.

Urethra: Anatomy

Specifically, the urethra is a tube from the bladder neck to the urethral meatus, that is to say the hole allowing the flow of urine (and semen in men). The average diameter of urethra is about 10 mm.

In women, this tube is short (about 3 to 4 cm or less), right, and its opening is at the level of the vulva, specifically between the clitoris and the vaginal opening.

In humans, this duct is about 10 to 12 cm and consists of three parts mentioned above. The posterior urethra is about 4 cm and follows the bladder neck surrounded by the prostate. This part of the urethra is also called prostatic urethra, below which there are the urethral sphincter allows continence (urine retention according to the will). It is in the prostatic urethra as the ejaculatory ducts are open and prostatic ducts that allow the passage of sperm. The other two parts are the anterior urethra, along with about 8 to 10 cm in the periphery and including the corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa. It is also this part of the urethra that passes through the scrotum and penis and the glans finally to arrive at the urethral meatus.

Urethra: Definition

The urethra is the tube carrying urine from the bladder to the outside. This duct is shorter in women and consists, in man, of three parts: prostatic, membranous and spongy. It also carries sperm from the seminal vesicles.
The term urethra is close to that of designating the lead bilateral ureter (one on each side) carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
The urethra is likely to be the seat of many diseases (not exhaustive):First, it is the infections that are the most common sexually transmitted and usually this is the case among other gonococcal urethritis (also known as gonorrhea)The narrowing of the urethra and its meatus is the result of inflammation of the urethra duct, or trauma of the penis or urethra directly, ie by iatrogenic manipulation (to perform treatment) or accidental (manipulation of a sexual nature).The expansion of part of the urethra is called urétrocèle and concerns mainly the female.Urethritis in the inclusions is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis which is part of sexually transmitted diseases the most common. Estimated to affect 1 million people in France every year. This germ is considered both a virus and bacteria.The shift of the mucosa (cell layer) that covers the inside of the urethral meatus is called prolapse, also known urétrocèle. This is most often a benign condition seen in older women. The urétrocèle, accompanied by dilatation of the urethra, protrudes into the vagina in the form of a size more or less generally the size of a walnut. Sometimes this is the first degree of vaginal cystocele.Tumors of the urethra are relatively rare, they have a serious development.Congenital malformations of the urethra are hypospadias and epispadias corresponding to defects in which the urethral opening is not in its normal place at the glans, the urethral valve works normally and sometimes his presence at the urethra prevents the normal passage of urine. Also in regard to birth defects, it should also include the Prune Belly syndrome in which the posterior portion of the urethra is widened. The mega-urethra, very rare anomaly, resulting in a fusiform dilation and overall penile urethra (penis), it is due to a partial or total absence of the corpus spongiosum and cavernosa, unimpeded distal.The term anaspadias, from the Greek ana: ano and OSPCA: I divide, in English it means erased the malformation of the urethra with a meatus opens on the dorsal surface of the glans or penis.The urethral polyp is a rare anomaly manifested by one or more impossibilities to urinate (urinary blockage intermittent), associated with hematuria (blood in urine) or other urinary symptoms.The urétrorragie means bleeding from the urethra. This type of condition is usually due to urethral manipulation (masturbatory purposes in the girl) or occur as a result of trauma (accident sports: cycling, gymnastics, etc ...)

Diencephalic cachexia Russell: Medical Consultation

On examination there is a triangular figure associated with a prominent nose.
The arms are short and there is asymmetric on the other hand a cubitus varus. A member or varus limb segment is rotated, deviated inwards towards the axis of the body.

Russell diencephalic cachexia: Symptoms

The weight loss observed in the diencephalic cachexia Russell begins in the first two years of life but gradually accelerating.
Patients have a small
Their low weight at birth

Russell diencephalic cachexia: Anatomy

The hypothalamus is an area in the center of the brain, accounting for less than 1 per 100 of the total volume. It is located above the pituitary, with which it is connected by a rod, the pituitary stalk.

The hypothalamus provides a dual role to control hormonal secretions from the pituitary gland (considered the "conductor" of the other glands in the body.) And regulation of homeostasis (maintenance of biological parameters of the organization). He is also involved in sexual behavior and emotions. It is part of a system called the limbic system (involved in emotion).

Diencephalic cachexia Russell: Definition

Rare disease characterized by the occurrence of a tumor of the front part of the hypothalamus accompanied by weight loss which begins in the first two years of life.

The weight loss observed in this endocrine disorder (accompanied by hormonal disturbances) is the result of an exclusive cast of adipose tissue that is to say, fat.
There is a second acceleration of growth associated with rapid bone maturation. Patients have a state of euphoria than normal. Most often they have an appetite and motor activity also exacerbated.

Cardiomyopathy: Definition

Enlargement of the heart cavities which are wider and thinner walls than those of a normal heart.
Dilated cardiomyopathy progresses to failure of the heart pump in its entirety (congestive heart failure) whose treatment is difficult or impossible.

For some medical teams, non-obstructive cardiomyopathy are among the myocardial damage accompanied by viral or microbial diseases (in general) and metabolic diseases known as some thésaurismoses, hemochromatosis, hormonal disorders, violations affecting the nerves and muscles in general, collagen, and some intoxications (including alcohol).
For WHO, cardiomyopathy is limited to diseases resulting from a breach of the heart muscle whose cause is unknown.

Holistic dentistry Estelle Vereeck

While the controversial media denouncing the toxicity of dental amalgam continues on the internet, for their part, professional bodies and dental French health authorities continue to defend this controversial material yet.
A material composed half of pure mercury can be safe for health?